Over the course of the nineteenth century inEuro Essays

Throughout the nineteenth century inEuro Essays Throughout the nineteenth century inEuropeandNorth America, urbanity came to be imagined as a character characteristic. As indicated by Richard Sennett (1974), open understanding outside the private circle of the home turned into a commitment for the self-improvement of men. Chatting in bistros or strolling the bustling avenues, much the same as voyaging, was a way to gain advancement and to get settled with decent variety. Urbanity, cosmopolitanism, and refinement were practically equivalent. For ladies, then again, investigating the open circle was viewed as improper. Moving about the city alone and uninhibitedly was related with free sexual conduct. It was in the circle of the middle class home in the city that ladies gained the habits and emphasize of urbanity. Present-day measures of graciousness, for example, the thought that every individual has the privilege to be disregarded when out in the open or standards on appropriate English and legitimate dress, were gotten from the s ocial control of the urban common home. To be sure, urbanity is regularly imagined as the social capital of higher social classes. As a character characteristic, it is utilized for avoidance in employments and for private isolation. For example, the talking accent of youth living in the Frenchbanlieue(suburbs) goes about as a genuine boundary to work in an unfair situation. Notwithstanding their assignment in lodging ventures outside urban areas, these young people are not seen as enriched with enough urbanity and modernity to work and they are regularly labeled with an absence of affability. For Pierre Bourdieu (1979), social capital furnishes individuals with a structure of inclinations transmitted by their family; urban, white, working class youth would in this manner be preferable prepared to prevail over their poor, rural partners. There are three types of social capital, every one of them firmly connected with the thought of urbanity. Right off the bat, epitomized capital alludes to interests in personal growth; it is hence centered around urbanity as a character attribute that can be created. Besides, generalized social capital is spoken to by material articles, for example, a great vehicle or a house in an in vogue neighborhood; it is therefore firmly identified with the governmental issues of room (who has the option to be in the city?). Thirdly, systematized social capital gives certain individuals access to dynamic forces influencing regular day to day existence in the city. As a character quality improved by spatial practices and institutional force, urbanity is utilized as a methods for avoidance. In any case, an ever increasing number of voices are ascending to guarantee different types of urbanity that would not be connected to class and ethnicized social capital. This turned out to be especially obvious in the wake of the overall urban rebellions of the late 1960s. Henri Lefebvre (1968) expounded then on the rights to the citythat is, the option to be in the city and to have respectable day to day environments, yet in addition the option to characterize the codes and standards of public activity in a way closer to regular practices than to technocratic power. Indeed, as indicated by Lefebvre (1970), after the agrarian, mercantilist, and modern ages, we are currently experiencing a urban transformation. This doesn't just imply that the greater part of the total populace lives in urban areas that spread increasingly more land, yet in addition and generally that the manner in which we think about the world has gotten urban. For Lefebvre, characters, monetary conduct, otherworldly convictions, methods of social communication, all parts of human life have gotten urban. Urbanity, in this subsequent definition, isn't limited to a character quality of the white working class however is a general attribute of the world since the 1970s. In any event, for laborers in a nation of theglobal south,Lefebvre would contend, urbanity is a piece of their life, their qualities, and their psychological plans. In this sense, urbanity can be characterized by a lot of particular social attributes, paying little heed to land area. Decent variety of individuals, convictions, and narratives is the most significant of these attributes. Regardless of whether it is commended, popularized, endured, or mistreated, assorted variety is an attribute of urbanity that is altogether different from rurality (which is frequently connected with homogeneity). Other related attributes of urbanity are speed, streams of individuals, data, and merchandise, and versatility, just as fixation and thickness. Consolidated, these qualities are now and again observed as having inescapable impacts, for example, degenerate conduct or estrangement. However, the questionable social bonds

Breast Implants, Breast Augmentation, and American Culture Essay

Bosom Implants, Breast Augmentation, and American Culture Bosom expansion is quickly turning into a typical technique among ladies in the United States. Shows enumerating the medical procedure on TV station, for example, MTV and VH1 show moms and their little girls getting inserts together and young ladies excited with their new 34-D chests. What the greater part of these shows don't make reference to are the potential dangers and difficult recuperation that accompany the method. That bosom inserts are turning out to be increasingly more an acknowledged piece of mainstream society brings up a few issues. Are embeds as sheltered and simple as they appear? Are ladies getting inserts since they anticipate that them should drastically completely change them? All the more significantly, does our way of life truly accept that bosom embeds some way or another improve a lady's personal satisfaction? There are two sorts of bosom inserts. Silicone inserts, as of now under survey for re-endorsement by the FDA, comprise of a silicone pocket loaded up with a silicone gel. Saline inserts, as of now the main inserts accessible except if a lady is a piece of a clinical preliminary, are basically a silicone pocket that is loaded up with saline arrangement once it is embedded in the lady ((1)). The dangers related with the two sorts of embed incorporate embed crack, capsular withdrawal (where the scar tissue around the embed fixes), calcium stores in the tissue encompassing the embed, contamination, hematoma, deferred wound recuperating, a potential decay of bosom tissue and an expanded trouble for clinical experts when understanding mammograms ((2)). Crack and capsular compression are genuinely basic with the two sorts of embed, and necessitate that the patient experience medical procedure to address the issue. Truth be told, about 20% of ladies who looked for bosom inserts for augmentat ion,... ...srisks.php 6)FDA Advisor: Ignore Breast Implant Vote, Details the worries that the FDA warning board seat has about silicon inserts. http://www.cnn.com/2003/HEALTH/11/05/breast.implants.ap/index.html 7)Suicide Risk May Be Lower Than Expected, from the American Society For Esthetic Plastic Surgery. http://www.asaps.org/press/news-psyc-08.asp 8)Silicone Breast Implants Redux http://www.usatoday.com/news/wellbeing/2003-10-03-bosom implants_x.htm 9)Silicone Breast Implants Could Make a Comeback After FDA Hearings, Talks about the ascent in the quantity of bosom growth medical procedures. https://registration.mercurynews.com/reg/login.do?url=http://www.mercurynews.com%2Fmld%2Fkentucky%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F7002595.htm 10)Breast Enhancement For the Modern Woman, Article composed by a plastic medical procedure http://www.breastimplants411.com/articles/modern_woman.htm

Master of Puppets by Metallica free essay sample

Ace of Puppets by Metallica At the point when I discovered that we needed to compose surveys, I was energized. At last, I get the opportunity to persuade another person of the enormity that is whip metal. All the more explicitly, Metallica. I tuned in to the collection Master of Puppets discharged in 1986. I, for one, thought that it was truly agreeable. For me, it despite everything holds the entirety of its intrigue even with today’s music guidelines. The collection began with Battery, a high-vitality tune that acquainted me with the predominant topic of the collection; a moderate, delicate begin no-nonsense guitar performances and a quick beat. I was satisfied to find that the entirety of the tunes sounded special, regardless of whether they followed a slight example. Sadly, most collections I tune in to will in general have tunes that are dreary, which is disturbing continually. Nonetheless, I felt that Master of Puppets was one of the uncommon exemptions. The best melody as I would like to think was Orion since it was unforeseen. We will compose a custom article test on Ace of Puppets by Metallica or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In contrast to different tunes on the collection, it didn’t have verses. The guitar was ethereal and delicate, yet grabbed my eye. On the off chance that whip metal from the ‘80s isn’t your thing, at that point this collection isn’t for you, however in the event that you’re open to new things or are a deep rooted fan, at that point I prescribe tuning in to this collection just as some other music by Metallica.

The Importance of College Admissions Essay Help

The Importance of College Admissions Essay HelpBefore you write your college admissions essay, it is very important that you choose to have college admissions essay help. If you are not a writer, you are in luck. You can find assistance with essay writing online.Writing an essay for college admissions is very competitive because students must include all of the information that the college and admissions committee needs to see. A student's essay should be appealing and informative. The essay should not bore the reader, but it should be creative, persuasive, and well-written.An admissions essay helps to separate the applicants into two different groups. It is a way to help an admissions committee to sort through the many choices available. It is also a way to help students develop strong leadership skills and be included in important decisions made by the college. You may even receive advice on what you need to write on.It can be overwhelming to find out that you need to write an essa y. In fact, it is a lot more difficult than you might think. This is the reason you need to seek college admissions essay help. You need someone who can help you come up with an informative essay that will impress the college and help you get accepted.Sometimes you will have to make a choice between writing your own essay or letting an essay writing service write it for you. If you want the most out of your essay, it would be wise to find a good company to help you. They will be able to give you lots of expert advice and constructive criticism that will make your essay a top-notch product.You may feel overwhelmed when you find out that you need to write a good essay. A good essay is not easy to write, but a good writer can turn it into a powerful piece of writing that includes lots of great details. To have your own college essay written for you, you need to take the time to find the right essay help.No matter which option you choose, you need to make sure that you get the best help that you can. The last thing you want is to fall short on any of the essentials. Remember that the purpose of an essay is to tell the admissions committee why you deserve to be in their program. When you have the right essay help, the road to acceptance will be much smoother.For anyone who wants to be admitted to college, it is important to make sure that they are aware of all of the necessary steps when it comes to submitting their admission essay. If you are unsure of how to begin, then consider asking an essay writing service. An expert can provide you with help, but it may not cost as much as you would expect. When it comes to college admissions essays, you may want to think of it as a necessity.

Top Tips to Write an Effective Internship Application Essay

Top Tips to Write an Effective Internship Application EssayWith so many students thinking about starting their own business, there is also a great deal of concern about how to create an effective internship application essay. This is understandable since it is the first impression of a prospective employer that is most important and a good resume essay not only needs to highlight the skills, qualifications and experience but also the most recent achievements. Internship essay samples can give you some tips for writing a winning resume. Here are some of the keys to make an impressive application essay.The first and most obvious thing to do is to start writing as soon as possible after you have decided to apply for a job. If you are a college student, it would be even better to start writing a year ahead of the deadline. In most cases, the more time you allow yourself to get away from classes, the better it will be for your resume. However, if you are not in school anymore, don't let t hat stop you from starting now.Offer a word or two about yourself and what you have to offer your future employer. The purpose of the essay is to present yourself and your work experience in a positive light, so you will need to write in such a way that you are showing your strengths and not your weaknesses. In fact, your boss may read it during his reading and if you've gone out of your way to show your strengths, you'll be able to convince him that you are the right person for the job.Your internship application essay should be able to capture the attention of your potential employer. Having a compelling resume is only one part of it. You should also show your creativity, eloquence and originality. For this, you must find the best internship essay samples available on the internet.Most of the free sample essays online have the potential to help you out with your academic essays, but it won't be enough to get you started on your internship application essay. These samples usually l ack much of the information that is required in order to make a complete article.In fact, you should also consider hiring a ghostwriter to help you write a complete free internship application essay. This will not only allow you to write it by yourself but also to hone your creative writing skills and become more proficient at writing an essay. Writing a killer internship application essay requires both creativity and talent.When looking for free essay samples, make sure that the writers are really experts in their field. Look for sample essays that are written by people who have long ago graduated from college and completed their university degree. The essay should also be from people who are considered successful professionals who have been employed at top employers such as Microsoft, Cisco, IBM, Verizon and others.Make sure that the writers of the samples are college students who are fresh to the field of writing. If the writers are older, they should have already attained the re quired education to be considered for this job. This is because it is considered the responsibility of the company to create their internship essay.

Research Traditional Class Is Better Than Online Class - 1375 Words

Research Traditional Class Is Better Than Online Class (Essay Sample) Content: Traditional Class is better than Online Class[Name][Institution of Affiliation]Traditional Class is better than Online ClassEducation is undoubtedly a critical investment, and will always be, especially with regards to prevailing conditions. The contemporary society esteems education more than at any other time in history. With more countries looking to embrace knowledge-based economies, it is certain that education will only become more important. However, this growth has spurred new controversies that were initially non-existent, but are important nonetheless. Prominent among these controversies is the debate surrounding the traditional brick-and mortar-class and the modern online class. Since their advent, online courses have registered an influx in growth, from both a popularity perspective and credibility perspective. Nevertheless, despite the popularity and credibility online classes have garnered, many people are still skeptical about their suitability. As a re sult, the question has always been whether the traditional class is better than the online class or vice versa. Thus, this write-up adds its voice to this ongoing debate by arguing that despite the massive strides that have been made in the technological realm and elsewhere, traditional classes still reign supreme over online classes.The biggest advantage traditional education boasts over online education is the face-to-face interaction it permits between tutors and their students. This interaction provides room for meaningful exchanges between instructors and learners, making it possible for everyone else to follow concepts as tutors explain them (Bird, 2014). In the course of a conventional lecture, a learner may ask an insightful question that prompts the instructor to give an elaborate explanation about a given concept (Ni, 2013). Anyone who misses such moments can read afterwards, but may never be able to understand the same concept as they would if they were present during the lecture. The simplest way of bringing this point home is to consider a student who misses school for say a week. While they can copy notes, and ask fellow students to help them understand complex concepts, there will always be an aspect of what was taught while they were away that will cause them trouble despite their best efforts to internalize it. A lasting solution to such a problem Based on this analogy, an online student is akin to a student who perpetually misses school. Their performance will always suffer. There is a slight distinction, however. Online learning programs have well established support structures, which help learners through their course material (Aspillera, 2010). Nevertheless, when the need to seek immediate clarification arises, the only option one has is to go online and try to connect with support providers or virtual instructors. Problem is, there may be no one to respond to the query on the other end at that particular time. Alternatively, technological failure can chose to occur at that critical moment, forcing the learner to wait for a later time. With these possibilities in mind, traditional classes turn out to be the best insofar as teacher feedback and guidance are concerned.The second reason that gives traditional learning preeminence over online learning is the fact that it provides learners with a socially interactive environment that guarantees the development of subtle skills that every individual who has been to a traditional college possesses (Ni, 2013). Anyone who has been to college understands that the book knowledge they acquire and the accompanying papers are just a portion of what people come out of college with. In other words, college education extends beyond what is taught in lecture rooms to entail every experience a student undergoes in the course of their college tenure (Ni, 2013). A traditional college environment offers learners lots of opportunities to interact with and learn from colleagues, the entire student body and the faculty in general. Concisely, any traditional learning institution functions like a community complete with its culture and mores. Therefore, as a student goes through college, they get schooled in lots of other things besides book knowledge. The end result of this schooling is the air of sophistication that is typical of college graduates as well as well entrenched values. This extra schooling also gives learners a positive world view coupled with a sense of responsibility towards the rest of society. Needless to say, online learning programs provide none of these. One of the strongest selling points for online education is that it offers unprecedented convenience and flexibility (Aspillera, 2010). While this is true, what does not come out vividly is that one can choose to isolate themselves from the rest of the world as they take their online courses. When this happens, they miss out on the numerous benefits of a socially active environment. They can accumu late the requisite book knowledge quite well, but may find it difficult to fit in the job market due to the lack of subtle skills that traditional institutions offer generously.Thirdly, traditional learning institutions are mostly designed to provide ambient environments for purposes of learning (Ni, 2013). This implies that a student in a traditional learning institution can concentrate more easily either in the class room or the school library and study without any interference because that is the purpose for which the institution was built. Concisely, every aspect of a traditional learning institution seeks to enhance the learning experience of students. When the various elements of the institution combine, they work synergistically to ensure that the institutional environment is the best for studying. This characteristic of traditional learning institutions is in direct contrast with online learning. Since online classes are taken at home or as claimed, anywhere else, it can be guaranteed that those places were neither designed for learning purposes nor conducive for the same. Take for instance the claim that one can take their online class on a train, in an airport lounge or under a tree. While such a claim appeals in the sense that it propagates the idea of flexibility, a student studying in any of those locations cannot compare with one who is tucked away in an institutional or even a library. Considering all the basics of effective studying disqualifies all these locations as places for studying. Alternatively, one may choose to modify a special room in their home to serve as a study room. Such a move can provide a reasonable study environment, but the cost of transforming a regular room into a suitable study room will add to the overall cost of the online course, making it not as cheap as argued. If one chooses to visit a local public library and conduct their online studies from there, it should be remembered the public library has been part of tradi tional education for many years and as such, involving it as...

Knowing How and When to Correct Students in Class

A crucial issue for any teacher is when and how to correct students English mistakes. Of course, there are a number of types of corrections that teachers are expected to make during the course of any given class. Here are the main types of mistakes that need to be corrected: Grammatical mistakes (mistakes of verb tenses, ​preposition use, etc.)Vocabulary mistakes (incorrect collocations, idiomatic phrase usage, etc.)Pronunciation mistakes (errors in basic pronunciation, errors in word stressing in sentences, errors in rhythm and pitch)Written mistakes (grammar, spelling and vocabulary choice mistakes in written work) The main issue at hand during oral work is whether or not to correct students as they make mistakes. Mistakes may be numerous and in various areas (grammar, vocabulary choice, the pronunciation of both words and correct stressing in sentences). On the other hand, correction of written work boils down to how much correction should be done. In other words, should teachers correct every single mistake, or, should they give a value judgment and correct only major mistakes? Mistakes Made During Discussions and Activities With oral mistakes made during class discussions, there are basically two schools of thought: 1) Correct often and thoroughly 2) Let students make mistakes. Sometimes, teachers refine the choice by choosing to let beginners make many mistakes while correcting advanced students often. However, many teachers are taking a third route these days. This third route might be called selective correction. In this case, the teacher decides to correct only certain errors. Which errors will be corrected is usually decided by the objectives of the lesson, or the specific exercise that is being done at that moment. In other words, if students are focusing on simple past irregular forms, then only mistakes in those forms are corrected (i.e., goed, thinked, etc.). Other mistakes, such as mistakes in a future form, or mistakes of collocations (for example I made my homework) are ignored. Finally, many teachers also choose to correct students after the fact. Teachers take notes on common mistakes that students make. During the follow-up correction session, the teacher then presents common mistakes made so that all can benefit from an analysis of which mistakes were made and why. Written Mistakes There are three basic approaches to correcting written work: 1) Correct each mistake 2) Give a general impression marking 3) Underline mistakes and/or give clues to the type of mistakes made and then let students correct the work themselves. Whats All the Fuss About? There are two main points to this issue: If I allow students to make mistakes, I will reinforce the errors they are making. Many teachers feel that if they do not correct mistakes immediately, they will be helping reinforce incorrect language production skills. This point of view is also reinforced by students who often expect teachers to continually correct them during class. The failure to do so will often create suspicion on the part of the students. If I dont allow students to make mistakes, I will take away from the natural learning process required to achieve competency and, eventually, fluency. Learning a language is a long process during which a learner will inevitably make many, many mistakes. In other words, we take a myriad of tiny steps going from not speaking a language to being fluent in the language. In the opinion of many teachers, students who are continually corrected become inhibited and cease to participate. This results in the exact opposite of what the teacher is trying to produce: the use of English to communicate. Why Correction Is Necessary Correction is necessary. The argument that students just need to use the language and the rest will come by itself seems rather weak. Students come to us to  teach  them. If they only want conversation, they will probably inform us, or, they might just go to a chat room on the Internet.  Obviously,  students need to be corrected as part of the learning experience. However, students also need to be encouraged to use the language. It is true that correcting students while they are trying their best to use the language can often discourage them. The most satisfactory solution of all  is to make  correction an activity. Correction can be used as a follow-up to any given class activity. However, correction sessions can be used as a valid activity in and of themselves. In other words, teachers can set up an activity during which each mistake (or a specific type of mistake) will be corrected. Students know that the activity is going to focus on  correction  and accept that f act. However, these activities should be kept in balance with other, more free-form, activities which give students the opportunity to express themselves without having to worry about being corrected every other word. Finally, other techniques should be used to make correction not only part of the  lesson  but also a more effective learning tool for the students. These techniques include: Deferring correction to the end of an activityTaking notes on typical mistakes made by many studentsCorrecting only one type of errorGiving students clues to the type of error they are making (in written work) but allowing them to correct the mistakes themselvesAsking other students to remark on mistakes made and then explain the rules by themselves. A great technique for getting teacher pets listening instead of answering each question themselves. However, use this with caution! Correction is not an either/or issue. Correction needs to take  place  and is expected and desired by students. However, the manner in which  teachers correct students  play a vital role in whether students become confident in their usage or become intimidated. Correcting students as a group, in correction sessions, at the end of activities, and letting them correct their own mistakes all help in encouraging students to use English rather than to worry about making too many mistakes.

Year 11 Physics Assignment - 2811 Words

Notice of Assessment Task Preliminary Course in Physics Date of Initial notification: 1/2/2013 | Date of submissionTerm 1 Week 5 | Task Number: One – Research | Time Allowed:2 weeks | Weighting of Task: 15% | Course component / Focus area / Topic Module:Module1: The World Communicates | Task Description:The world communicates by making extensive use of the electromagnetic spectrum. For the average person this is commonly accessed using radio waves. These radio waves may be over the AM or FM radio wave bands or the radio waves that transmit our television signals. Not only are people always within a ‘phone call of each other anywhere in the world they are also able to find out exactly where in the world they are by use of†¦show more content†¦strating the energy transformations involved in the process * outlines what frequency modulation or amplitude modulation is | Question | Outcome | Marks | Criteria / Answer | Part B | | 20-17 | * shows evidence of information on GPS’s from a brochure and a scientific source * accesses the scientific accuracy of the brochure by identifying areas of comparison in both publications noting any relevant missing information gives supporting statements for the assessment * evaluates the validity of the information in the brochure and gives supporting statements for the assessment * presents clear relevant drawings that show how waves are used in GPS’s * identifies how the properties of waves that make them useful for this type of technology * identifies some current research into the future development of GPS’s | | | 16-13 | * shows evidence of information on GPS’s from a brochure and a scientific source * accesses the scientific accuracy of the brochure by identifying areas of comparison in both publications gives supporting statements for the assessment * ev aluates the validity of the information in the brochure and gives supporting statements for the assessment * presents relevant drawings that show how waves are used in GPS’s * identifies how the properties of waves that make them useful for this type of technology * identifies some current research into the future development of GPS’s | | | 12-9 | * shows evidence of information onShow MoreRelatedDefine contract. 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Essay on Plato - 1158 Words

Plato: The Life of Plato Plato was born around 427 BC, in Athens Greece to rich and politically involved family. Platos parents spared no expense in educating him; he was taught at the finest schools. He was taught by Socrates and defended Socrates when he was on trial. Plato traveled to Italy and may have even visited Egypt before founding The Academy. Plato also visited Sicily and instructed a young king there before returning to The Academy to teach for twenty years before his death in 347 BC at the age of eighty. Growing up Plato would have gone to best schools the area had to offer; his parents were rich there were no limitations to what they could afford. Plato was taught by the best teachers available and was a very skillful†¦show more content†¦At a later date Plato wrote The Apology remembering this horrendous time and the conversations as he and Socrates other students argued for Socrates life. After Socrates death Plato and several of Socrates other students traveled to Megara where they stayed for 9 years. He also traveled to Italy around 390 BC where he met Archytas of Tarentum who introduced Plato to Pythagorenism. This helped form Platos ideas that mathematics was the truest way of expressing the universe. There are also rumors of Plato traveling to Egypt and learning of the water clock but like all rumors it is not know for sure. Plato founded The Academy in 387 BC; it was build on land that once belonged to a man named Academos hence the name The Academy. Plato founded The Academy for the purpose of teaching future leaders of Greece. The Academy had a gymnasium and several shrines on its large lot of land. After founding The Academy Plato traveled to Sicily, came back taught for four years, left for Sicily again, and then returned to The Academy to teach for twenty years. When Plato died he was succeeded by his nephew, not by Aristotle, which was who most people thought the successor would be. The Academy was eventually shut down in 529 AD, but it holds an immense record, it was kept open for nine hundred years, a feat no other establishment of its kind can claim. In 367 BC Dion, a student and good friend of Plato, requested Plato to come andShow MoreRelatedPlato And Plato s Republic1119 Words   |  5 PagesThe ancient Greek Philosopher Plato had an interest in finding the ideal government. In Plato’s Republic, he discusses his ideas and views of how this ideal government would function. He believed that people are born into 3 different classes, with different responsibilities (Plato 415a). Only people in the â€Å"golden† class were fit to rule. The most effective of these rulers would be philosophers, as they have knowledge of the good of the whole (Plato 473d). This system seems too perfect for me. IRead MorePlato967 Words   |  4 Pageswould wish the best for a friend regardless of the friend’s usefulness to them or what pleasure he could attain. Having been raised to strive to attain these virtues, the need for a reason to do so becomes pointless. Another difference is that Plato believes that the best type of good is one that is desirable both in itself and for the sake of its results, while Aristotle says that if X is desired because it brings you to Y, then Y is ultimately better than X. Therefore, the highest good is oneRead MorePlato And Plato s The Apology1623 Words   |  7 Pagesmore interested in determining how the world worked and its origins/cosmology, as oppose to philosophers such as Plato And Socrates who focused more on ethics or morality. Plato’s conception of God and religion can be depicted in his literatures â€Å"Euthyphro† and â€Å"The Apology† which he expresses through his writings of Socrates in dialogue formation. While one may assume that both Plato and Socrates shared analogous notions of God and religion it is impossible to truly know given the Socratic problemRead MoreThe Republic By Plato Vs. Plato1299 Words   |  6 PagesThe Republic by Plato is an vision of an utopian society established through the character of Socrates. Many aspects of Plato’s society appears utopian; however, it can also be viewed dystopian as it is mere subjectiveness. Many of Plato’s arguments apply to current day society; for example, Donald Trump’s rise to power depicts democracy degenerating to despotism. Plato’s Republic is utopian in idealistic terms because the most qualified individual is in charge of society who is able to extend hisRead MoreComparison Between Plato And Plato1101 Words   |  5 Pagesmorality is, how to create justice inside and outside society, the state of nature, equality, and the state of war. They distinguish how the people and government help create a well-oiled society. Comparing Plato to Rousseau, the beginning of philosophy to a more modern perspective. In Crito by Plato, Socrates continues a speech of the Laws of Athens by appealing to a social contract that exists between the Laws and the citizens. By living in Athens, one must abide by the Laws of Athens. Since SocratesRead MorePlato1819 Words   |  8 Pageswinner of the North Award for the best paper in the 2012 Agora. Ben presented an earlier version of this paper at the ACTC Student Conference at Pepperdine University in Malibu, California, in March, 2011.) When reading the Apology and the Crito of Plato, one inevitably comes upon a seeming fundamental contradiction between the two dialogues. The Apology presents readers with a defiant Socrates who declares in his trial that, if acquitted on the condition that he never philosophize again, he wouldRead MorePlato s Symposium, By Plato1273 Words   |  6 PagesIn the book,† Plato’s Symposium,† by Plato, who was a philosopher in Greece, he illustrates the dialectic discussion at a party at Agathon’s to celebrate his triumph of his first tragedy. In the Symposium; the guests Phaedrus, an Athenian aristocrat; Pausanias, the legal expert; Eryximachus, a physician; Aristophanes, eminent comic playwright; Agathon ,a tragic poet and host of the banquet; Socrates, eminent philosopher and Plato s teacher; and Alcibiades, a prominent Athenian statesman, oratorRead MorePlato Vs. Rhetoric : Plato And Rhetoric2524 Words   |  11 PagesPlato and Rhetoric Plato is one of the greatest philosophers in history. Often his words and sayings resonate to this day. But, considering all what Plato has done, what is most peculiar about him is his condemnation of poets and sophists. Plato is in a constant fight to see that the way of true philosophy replaces these false arts. But even much more interesting is that Plato goes even further, and condemns the use of rhetoric, the art of persuasion, as a whole. He not only does this adamantlyRead MorePlato Vs Aristotle Vs Plato1814 Words   |  8 PagesPlato and Aristotle had a considerable amount of differences in ideology given that Aristotle was Plato’s student for roughly two decades. Plato, a student of Socrates, opposed the idea of average citizens to participate in politics because he believed that political practice was skill or â€Å"technÄ“ that can only be achieved by a few people. He believed that â€Å"kings must be those among them who have proved best both in philosophy an d where war is concerned.† (Republic, 491) and that these â€Å"philosopherRead MorePlatos Apology1219 Words   |  5 PagesPlato’s Apology, is by far one of the most logical yet critical thinking text that I have ever read. Plato describes Socrates, the accused atheist and corrupter of youth in ancient Athens, as a true beacon of ethics and morality. The method that Plato uses to depict Socrates on trial gives us a look back on how the trial of a man who encourages one of sound mind to ask questions even to those who are deemed wise in the eyes of others. Despite facing odds that are stacked highly against him, and this

The Dining Room Was Absolutely Silent - 1115 Words

The dining room was absolutely silent, only the sounds of chewing and silverware clatter were audible. The tension was thick enough to run a knife through, it made no sense why it had gotten this bad. The mother of the family, Else, sat in the right end of the table, her husband, Carter, in the other end. Their five children sat in the sides of the table. The smallest of the five, Evelyn, who is eleven years old, sat closest to her mother. Next to her was her older brother, Lester, who is 15. Closest to dad was one of the twins, Isaac, who is 13. Across were the final siblings, Louis, the oldest of the five, and the remaining twin, Isaiah. Their dog sat a few meters away from them, waiting anxiously for his share of food. Evelyn thought nothing of the whole silence thing, it was frequent at dinner time, especially after his bigger brother had a secret to share with their parents. She didn t know what it was, but she guessed it was bad. The twins had a better idea of what might have upset their parents and the oldest brothers a lot. They remember Lester bringing a boy one particular night, and let s just say, it ended in a frightful scream and a big fight between the older boys and their parents. The three siblings shared a few looks, they were all clueless of what was stirring with the elders. Ever so often, the three would get occasional looks from the older boys, but never their parents. Their parents just looked at each other and at Lester and Louis. Their dad finallyShow MoreRelatedShip Narrative Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesA wide smile was spread across my face as I advanced towards the ship filled with excitement, my family loosely trailing behind. I felt that there was not a moment to waste . Of course, I had to wait for my family to catch up and so I waited, but that only halted me for a second. Apparently taking pictures on the walkway was not permitted. 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consumer behaviour - 1622 Words

1. Comment / Explain / Answer the following a) Compare and contrast Howard and Sheith model and Nicosa model These different decision making models are approaches the problem of consumer decision making differently. The Engel-Kollat-Blackwell model is essentially a conscious problem solving and learning model of consumer behaviour. This model has a good description of active information seeking and evaluation processes of consumer. The information processed in this model is the stimulus. The consumer ¡Ã‚ ¦s decision processes act upon this stimulus in order to determine a response to it. These models attempt to explain each stage and show interrelated between the stages of consumer buyer behaviour from the stimulus, through the purchase to†¦show more content†¦Culture consists of the unwritten rules of the social game. It is the collective programming of the mind that distinguishing the members of a group or category of people from others. Parts of Culture Culture: norms, roles, beliefs, values, customs, rituals, artifacts Culture classifies things into discontinuous units of value in society Codes classified units, develops behaviors, specifies priorities, legitimizes and justifies the classifications Consumer socialization - the process by which people develop their values, motivations, and habitual activity Culture creates meanings for everyday products We study how the use and/or collections of products and their meanings move through a society Nature of Culture—Components Norms: rules that designate forms of acceptable and unacceptable behavior Customs: behaviors that lasted over time and passed down in the family setting Mores: moral standards of behavior Conventions: practices tied to the conduct of everyday life in various settings Ethnocentrism: the tendency to view one’s own culture as better or superior to others Key Points about Culture It is learned: transmitted from generation to generation It rewards acceptable behaviors It stays the same, yet can change Family, Religion, School and Peers: what is the relative influence of each? 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Corruption in Football

Question: Discuss about the Corruption in Football. Answer: Introduction Business ethics are the moral principles which show the way how a business should behave. By the help of this business ethics, anybody is able to examine the ethical principles and the ethical problems which occur within a business environment (Dierksmeier et al., 2016). Business ethics is actually the study of business practices and policies regarding the controversial issues related to the business such as insider trading, corporate social responsibility, corporate governance, fiduciary responsibilities, discrimination, and corruption. Most of the time, these business ethics are guided by the governmental laws, however, these business ethics also provide a framework to every business by the help of which the organizations are able to obtain the acceptance of their public (Ferrell et al., 2015). In the recent days, sports are the most important part of the humans life. However, it is also a conflicting phenomenon. Sports are connected with both the great humanistic values and dirty business such as corruption, doping, violence, etc. Corruption is actually the dishonest behavior of those people who have the power or authority such as the government officials and the managers of the sports associations (DesJardins McCall, 2014). This corruption resembles those unethical activities such as accepting or giving bribes, laundering money, defrauding investors, double dealing, diverting funds, manipulating election, and under-the-table transactions. Nowadays, the football sport also gets highly corrupted and affects the entire association tremendously. Theories of Business Ethics Consequentialism theory considers those acts which are morally right and depends only on the consequences and on the goodness of those consequences. Consequentialism is actually the category of normative ethical theories which considers the consequences of the behavior of a person and judges them whether they are right or wrong according to the conduct (Garriga Mel, 2013). Basically, Consequentialism only says that whether the act of a particular person is right or wrong depending on the results of their act or behavior. It identifies the right and wrong behavior of any person who is related with the association depending on the moral or values of that particular organization. Consequentialist Ethical Theory is actually a general normative theory which depends on the moral evaluation of any rules, acts or institutions only based on the goodness of the consequences (Khalid Ali et al., 2014). There are two types of Consequentialism. They are as follows Egoistic and particularistic Consequentialism According to this theory, it is found that how the consequences affect an individual or a group. Egoism is actually an action which is morally right at that time when the decision maker is able to decide freely to follow their interests or desires (Weiss, 2014). Universal Consequentialism According to this theory, it is found that how the consequences affect each and every party who are involved. Universal Consequentialism is actually the moral rightness of all people based on the consequences. Both types of Consequentialism theory are related to the theory of Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is also a Consequentialist Ethical Theory which states that the morality of any act only depends on some relation which is related to the average utility (Hoffman et al., 2014). Utilitarianism is actually the principle of greatest happiness. The theory of utilitarianism basically depends on the quantitative maximization of the level of doing something good for humanity or the society. Utilitarianism is actually a form of Consequentialism. Most of the utilitarian theories are engage with producing a large amount of good for humanity and society. However, negative utilitarian is promoted to prevent a large amount of evil or harm (Hartman et al., 2014). Act utilitarianism is actually looked into the single actions and basically depends on the moral judgment of the pleasure amount, whereas rule utilitarianism looks into the action of a class and asks the person that whether the action is abl e to create more pleasure than the amount of pain for the society. Non- Consequentialism theory According to the Non-Consequentialist Theory, any person is able to judge the rightness or wrongness of any action depending on the intrinsic properties of that particular action, not on their consequences. It is a general normative theory of morality which determine the rightness or wrongness of any act, rules, or pattern of running a business (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). It basically depends on the other parts rather than the goodness or badness of the consequences of that particular action. The Non-Consequentialism theory is of two types. They are as follows Ethics of duties or Deontological theory Ethics of duties or Deontological theory basically support the moral judgments rather than the principles or rules. Deontological theory mainly focuses on the independent moral duties or rules (Eon Rossouw Van Vuuren, 2010). According to this theory, if anybody wants to make any correct decision which has a greater value then it is required to for that particular person to have a clear idea about the moral duties and should understand the exact rules related to that particular decision. The term deontological means reasoning of duty. This theory does not consider the consequences of any action (Horne Manzenreiter, 2016). They only consider the moral or goodness of their duties. It basically determines the rightness or wrongness of any acts or rules. Ethics of rights and justice Natural rights are the basic thing which is required in every action. In every action, the natural rights of any person should be respected and protected. Justice is the fair treatment of any individual in any type of given situation which they deserve (Nelen, 2015). The ethics of rights basically consider those behaviors which are morally good when any individual acts on the principle of rights and also show respect to the rights of the other people such as the human rights. Ethics of justice is also called morality of justice (Palmer Megaw, 2014). Justice and rights are not distinct issues. However, the term rights generally highlight a different aspect of the term "justice". Duty is the main thing which links the justice and rights. The relation between business ethics and corruption in football Recently, in continues manner the Federation Internationale de Football Association i.e. FIFA lose their credibility. Day by day the rate of corruption is getting increased as the World Cup is the biggest event in the world of football and huge numbers of people watching this event. In the recent days, sports are the most important part of the human's life (Hopkins Treadwell, 2014). Generally, sports are connected with both the great humanistic values and dirty business such as corruption, doping, etc. In football most of the cases of corruption are takes place relating to the games such as the players perform badly, sometimes the players intentionally lose the game because they take lots of money from those people who bet that the player's team should lose the game, etc. There also have other types of corruption which take place within the football game (Boeri Severgnini, 2014). Business ethics is actually the study of business practices and policies regarding the controversial issues related to the business. According to the theories of business ethics, corruption is an unethical activity which is performed by the players or the managers within a football organization. According to deontological theory, one should support the duty of another person, but if the person follows any unethical duties then it goes against the business ethics (Nowy Breuer, 2016). For example when a player takes lots of money from the people who bet that the player's team is losing the game then the whole team also support that player and share the betting money among them. This type of activity is absolutely unethical because large numbers of people watch these events and those players do not have any rights to make jokes of the beliefs of these viewers (Chiweshe, 2014). This also hampers the quality and ability of the players. When the performance of the players or the decisions of the managers of the football association is able to bring out positive outcomes then it can be said that they supports Consequentialism but if they follow any unethical activities such as doping, betting, or other activities which create corruption then it is said that they do not support Consequentialism. Actually, according to the Consequentialism, it supports any activities which ultimately results better in future (Cashmore Dixon, 2016). However, some of the times the competition among the bookies influences the players to give their better performance. In this case though betting is an illegal activity but the conflicts among the bookies help to improve the quality of the team. There also has another example that sometimes the higher authority paid more money to their players for better performance in that case to taking money is an unethical activity for the players but ultimately the result is good for future. Hence, such type of activities is good for the business of a football organization. However, corruption tremendously affects the business of this football association and also has a bad impact on this sport and society. Nowadays, it is found that there are some business ethics issues which affect the entire sports sector (Bean, 2016). The sports industry is actually an odd combination of those businesses which are highly profitable, passionate spectators and fans, celebrities, etc. for this reason the stakes are also high professionally and financially. Sports like football are generally related to huge amount of gambling. This sport is a multi-million-pound industry which is inclined towards the organized crime and corruption. There are several cases of corruption in the world of football. In the year of 2010-11, the executive committee of FIFA has been charged for selling votes for those countries that, who became the host of the World Cup (Sugden Tomlinson, 2016). At that time, the largest telecom company of Germany looks into the illegal activities for trying to win the contracts which value millions of Euros from the company of Volkswagen. According to the Non-Consequentialist Theory, any person is able to judge the rightness or wrongness of any action depending on the intrinsic properties of that particular action, not on their consequences (McLeod, 2014). It is a general normative theory of morality which determine the rightness or wrongness of any act, rules, or pattern of running a business. Therefore, according to this theory, the largest telecom company in Germany is able to judge the wrongness of Volkswagen Company. Business ethics are the moral principles which show the way how a business should behave (Kyprianou, 2013). By the help of this business ethics, anybody is able to examine the ethical principles and the ethical problems which occur within a business environment. Corruption is actually the dishonest behavior of those people who have the power or authority such as the government officials and the managers of the sports associations. This corruption resembles those unethical activities such as accepting or giving bribes, laundering money, defrauding investors, double dealing, diverting funds, manipulating election, and under-the-table transactions (Boeri Severgnini, 2013). The Bilfinger association is also blamed that t hey have paid a huge amount of bribe money for getting the order to construct stadia in Brazil. The persons who are involved in such type of corrupted activities have to face severe consequences such as heavy fines, suspended from any sports for a long period of time, loss of job permanently, etc. Due to this corruption, the essence of football is getting destroyed. This essence of football is generally consisting of the sportsmanship and behavioral values of the players and also their love for their game and fans. Corruption always found a way to affect everything within that particular sport. If in such way corruption is continues for few more years then it totally destroys the sports industry (Paradiso, 2016). Day by day the fans or the people lost their energy and interest on this sport and do not want to engage their time by supporting something which is known as fake. Each and every football league in every corner of the world is affected by the consequences of corruption. The football associations should keep their main focus on avoiding corruption from that time when it takes place for the first time. If this corruption is successfully removed from the sports industry then there is no need for further investigation in future (Di Ronco Lavorgna, 2015). If the football organizations or associations are able to stop corruption before it takes place, then they are able to win the half battle against corruption. Recently, the scandals which are occurring in World Cup have brought the corruption to the attention of every human being. If the people and also the football associations do not start to fight against the corruption then it will affect the entire sport and end up the game totally . Due to this corruption, the fans also stop to support their teams or players and thus the game lost its popularity. Each and every football institutions should establish an investigation team, whose main task is to investigate the illegal activities within the organization and stop them immediately (Numerato, 2015). The football associations also implement some prevention methods, by the help of which the investigation team is able to examine the unethical activities and immediately stop them before it happens. If corruption is removed from the sports industry then everybody is able to enjoy the actual game. For understanding the current situation of corruption in sports industry one should have a clear idea about the theories of business ethics (Carmichael et al., 2014). By the help of these theories, one should understand what is right or what is wrong for the football associations and the players to improve and develop themselves for future. By the help of these theories of bus iness ethics anybody is able to identify the unethical activities such as corruption, betting, accepting bribe money, laundering money, defrauding investors, double dealing, diverting funds, manipulating election, under-the-table transactions etc. which takes place within the game and sports industry. By the help of Consequentialism theory, one should able to understand the consequences of corruption and the goodness and badness of any activities (Haberfeld Sheehan, 2014). Consequentialism only says that whether the act of a particular person is right or wrong depending on the results of their act or behavior. It identifies the right and wrong behavior of any person who is related with the association depending on the moral or values of that particular organization. The utilitarian theories are engaged with producing a large amount of good for humanity and society (Reade, 2014). However, negative utilitarian is promoted to prevent a large amount of evil or harm. The events like a f ootball league, World Cup tournaments, etc. have a great impact on the society. As for example, in the year of 2010, South Africa hosted the worlds largest event FIFA World Cup. After that, they are able to stimulate their local economy and the people of South Africa also able to enjoy the advantage or benefits of social mobility which is provided by that big event (Brooks et al., 2013). Therefore, it can be said that by the help of the theories of business ethics one should able to detect the goodness of this event and the positive impact of this sport on the society. Recommendation To prevent corruption in football, at first, it is required to stop the betting activities, match-fixing, etc. The football associations or the institutions should take a strict action against those people who are involved in such unethical activities. If the people and also the football associations do not start to fight against the corruption then it will affect the entire sport and end up the game totally. Due to this corruption, the fans also stop to support their teams or players and thus the game lost its popularity. At the time of training period, the football associations should aware the players about the demerits and effects of this corruption on their future. The seniors of these football institutions should train the new players to follow ethical activities and never support the unethical activities within the game. Each and every football institutions should establish an investigation team, whose main task is to investigate the illegal activities within the organization and stop them immediately. The football associations also implement some prevention methods, by the help of which the investigation team is able to examine the unethical activities and immediately stop them before it happens. If corruption is removed from the sports industry then everybody is able to enjoy the actual game. Conclusion According to the theories of business ethics, corruption is an unethical activity which is performed by the players or the managers within a football organization. Corruption always found a way to affect everything within that particular sport. If in such way corruption is continues for few more years then it totally destroys the sports industry. Due to this corruption, in future, the fans should lose their interest in the sports and stop to support their favorite team as they do not want to invest their time on fake events. By the help of these theories of business ethics anybody is able to identify the unethical activities. If the people and also the football associations do not start to fight against the corruption then it will affect the entire sport and end up the game totally. References Bean, B.W., 2016. An Interim Essay on FIFA's World Cup of Corruption: The Desperate Need for International Corporate Governance Standards at FIFA.ILSA Journal of International Comparative Law,22. Boeri, T. and Severgnini, B., 2013. Changing the way that referees are paid would be an important step towards preventing match fixing in European football.European Politics and Policy at LSE. Boeri, T. and Severgnini, B., 2014. 19. The decline of professional football in Italy.Handbook on the Economics of Professional Football, p.322. Brooks, G., Aleem, A. and Button, M., 2013. Fraud and Corruption in Football. InFraud, Corruption and Sport(pp. 73-88). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Carmichael, F., Thomas, D. and Rossi, G., 2014. Production, efficiency, and corruption in Italian Serie A football.Journal of Sports Economics, p.1527002514551802. Cashmore, E. and Dixon, K. eds., 2016.Studying Football. Routledge. Chiweshe, K.M., 2014. The problem with African football: corruption and the (under) development of the game on the continent.African Sports Law and Business Bulletin,2, pp.27-33. DesJardins, J.R. and McCall, J.J., 2014.Contemporary issues in business ethics. Cengage Learning. Di Ronco, A. and Lavorgna, A., 2015. Fair play? Not so much: Corruption in the Italian football.Trends in Organized Crime,18(3), pp.176-195. Dierksmeier, C., Amann, W., Von Kimakowitz, E., Spitzeck, H., Pirson, M. and Von Kimakowitz, E. eds., 2016.Humanistic ethics in the age of globality. Springer. Eon Rossouw, D. and Van Vuuren, L., 2010.Business ethics. Oxford University Press, 2010. Ferrell, O.C. and Fraedrich, J., 2015.Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Ferrell, O.C., Fraedrich, J. and Ferrell, L., 2015. Business ethics.Cengage Learning. Garriga, E. and Mel, D., 2013. Corporate social responsibility theories: Mapping the territory Citation Classics from the Journal of Business Ethics (pp. 69-96). Haberfeld, M.R. and Sheehan, D., 2014.Match-fixing in International Sports. Springer. Hartman, L.P., DesJardins, J.R. and MacDonald, C., 2014.Business ethics: Decision making for personal integrity and social responsibility. McGraw-Hill. Hoffman, W.M., Frederick, R.E. and Schwartz, M.S. eds., 2014.Business ethics: Readings and cases in corporate morality. John Wiley Sons. Hopkins, M. and Treadwell, J., 2014.Football Hooliganism, Fan Behaviour and Crime: Contemporary Issues. Springer. Horne, J. and Manzenreiter, W., 2016. THE EAST ASIAN FOOTBALL FEDERATION/ASIAN FOOTBALL CONFEDERATION.Routledge Handbook of Football Studies. Khalid Ali, K., Ramly, Z. and Lau, T.C., 2014. Business ethics. Kyprianou, A., 2013. Corruption in Football; Match Fixing-Illegal Betting.International Sports Law Review Pandektis,10(1-2), pp.303-304. McLeod, C.M., 2014. Book review: The Insiders Guide to Match-fixing in Football.International Review for the Sociology of Sport,49(5), pp.639-641. Nelen, H., 2015. Professional football and crime.The Routledge Handbook of White-Collar and Corporate Crime in Europe, p.292. Nowy, T. and Breuer, C., 2016. Match-fixing in European grassroots football.European Sport Management Quarterly, pp.1-21. Numerato, D., 2015. Corruption and public secrecy: An ethnography of football match-fixing.Current Sociology, p.0011392115599815. Palmer, C. and Megaw, G., 2014. The murder of modern football. Paradiso, E., 2016. Football, clientelism and corruption in Argentina: an anthropological inquiry.Soccer Society,17(4), pp.480-495. Reade, J., 2014. Detecting corruption in football.Chapters, pp.419-446. Sugden, J. and Tomlinson, A., 2016.Football, Corruption and Lies: Revisiting'Badfellas', the book FIFA tried to ban. Routledge. Weiss, J.W., 2014.Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Challenges and Opportunities Faced by BP-Free-Sample for Students

Question: Discuss about the Opportunities and Challenges Confronting Manager's Operating in the Global Environment. Answer: Introduction Firstly, this essay will critically discuss the opportunities and challenges confronting manager's operating in the global environment, as external factors impact the organizations when they globally operate. Management seeks special skills and knowledge to enable them to operate in the host country with regard to culture constrains. Global challenges may relate to one or group of factors represented in acquiring resources, culture, population, technology, environment, regulations and many other factors. Natural resources are limited, the ecological system is unbalanced, climate is changing, there is an increased rate of pollution and advancement in technology (Virakul, 2015). Leadership is considered a dominant factor in global operations to manage the cross culture operations. Leaders in global missions should enjoy special traits as transformation, trust, communication and empathy with employees from different cultures (Aarseth, Rolstads, Andersen, 2013). Secondly, this essay also discusses the global challenges and opportunities that face Bp in its global operations. The global direction towards low carbon is considered a challenging factor to Bp, although, the company enjoys technological capabilities that enable it from exploring the future of the oil and gas industry. Also, it develops the capabilities of its employees in partnership with academic entities through extensive training programs to be able to compete in the global market (O'Regan Ghobadian, 2010). The PESTLE analysis of the global environment of Bp is critically discussed to shed the light on the most dominating factor of its business. Finally, this essay, declares the challenges and opportunities that faces Bp in its operations in the Australian market and its new initiative of the BPMe app to the consumers in the retail market and its usefulness. First: International challenges and possible opportunities that face managers in a global environment Challenges confronting managers operating across the border The intention of this paragraph is to critically discuss the challenges confronting managers operating across the border. As business is highly influenced by globalization and there is a growing number of organizations is operating in the international market, concerning the key competencies of international management and staff and the cross culture challenges. Accordingly, managers and employees of multinational organizations are exposed to cross-cultural and global decisions on a daily basis. One of the challenges for organizations which operate globally, is the readiness of managers and their effectiveness to take global strategic decisions that match the international diversity and complex business environment. Many organizations enhance their managers' capabilities through training. Management in globally operating organizations need certain competencies to succeed in solving problems and handling conflicts. Global management competencies, are also mentioned as global leadershi p competencies which are discussed heavily in the literature. Leadership competencies include, skills, personality and other personality traits (Bcker Poutsma, 2010). Cross-cultural competencies and diversity management are not completely analyzes as there is no agreement among researchers about the factors shaping cross- cultural competencies. Although Johnson et al. (2006) as cited in Bcker Poutsma (2010), argue that the cross culture competencies refer to the effectiveness of individuals' skills, personal traits and knowledge in doing business within different cultures. Johnson, also defines the cognitive, behavioral and effective components as the main components of the cross-cultural competencies. He argues that researchers did not differentiate between the knowing and the doing gap. The aim of this paragraph is to critically discuss the global challenges that managers may face when they operate in a different world country. These challenges could be represented in the driving factor of globalization to business and the growing number of organizations operating in the international market, the need for highly qualified management, to effectively lead people in multiple countries and employ workers with different culture backgrounds. Regarding the various cultures challenge, the multinational organizations aim to succeed in its business and achieve operational excellence. Organizations should select the best talents to adapt to the requirements of the global business. Some of the multinational organizations tend to use the common scheme of retaining and rewarding managers in the same way they act with local managers. Many managers are nationally oriented as a sort of standardization. This requires applying talent management and developing skills across borders. Although, many evidences that managers act in a national oriented manner and focus more on employees with similar nationalities. It is essential to engage all of the employees from diverse multicultural. Leaders should be sure that their leadership style is matching the multicultural workplace. There is a challenge represented in the quality of the offered training programs to the global employees. Accordingly, HRM has to regularly check the quality of the offered training to the global employees to develop their skills according to the required qualifications of the new job tasks (Cerimagic Smith, 2011). The mobility of the global talent of senior executives, as most of multinational orga nizations like to select high performance management of global operations to lead their global operations in other world countries. It is considered a good career opportunity for leaders operating beyond country borders, although, leaders face many complexities as tax and compensation. Expatriate career development may be neglected by the home country (Woollard, 2010). In conclusion, it is important to train the global talent on how to manage activities in the global environment and act within the best fit leadership style that matches the host country business environment. Opportunities that face managers operating across the border The intention of this paragraph is to critically discuss the opportunities that face managers operating across the border. Global business organizations deal with the world as if it is a single market and seeks opportunities that exist outside the border of the home country. The global business opportunities include the culture and processes of the business environment (Sealy, et. al., 2010) Preparation training gives the opportunity to employees to gain knowledge through training programs relevant to the new community, dynamic and related to the latest events in the host country. Through the appropriate training, employees would be able to feel familiarity with the new community (Cerimagic Smith, 2011). Characteristics of the global business organizations could be stated according to Sealy, et. al (2010), as follows: The development of a management system is irrelevant to the home country as it develops its new management system. Redesign of the organizational culture and structure to match the global business environment as the matrix organization. Big organizations are able to develop their capacity much more than small sized organizations. Global business operations enable the organizations to discuss different cultural issues to find proper solutions to business problems. Face to face discussions facilitate the exchange of thoughts and enriches discussions within open environments (Prager Such,, 2010). In conclusion, operating in a host country enables a culture sharing and enriches the opportunity of exploiting and exchanging business ideas which enable the management to take proper decisions with regard to the host country culture. Second: The PESTEL analysis of BP This paragraph critically analyses the external environment of Bp by using the PESTLE analysis, according to Harrell (2016), the factors of PESTLE analysis are as follows: Political: This paragraph will discuss the political factor, which has big influence on the prices of oil. Bp faced the problem of the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, which put Bp in disastrous situation. Bp was accused to lack the required expertise, although other opinion accused refers the reason to lower investments in the project. Economic: This paragraph will discuss the economic factors affecting Bp, as the Iraqi oil is dominated by the US, both of India and China high oil demand pushed up the oil prices. Bp has to overcome its disaster in the Gulf of Mexico, and invest more in the production of oil and gas with regard to the inflation rates and the exchange rates. The crisis of the oil spill is analyzed by experts as a failure of Bp to utilize the updated information (Brunton, 2015). This crisis obligated Bp to establish a safety fund of 20 Bn. $ as a compensation for the claims of damaging the Gulf water and the natural resources (Lin?Hi Blumberg, 2011). Bp stock price remained constant for 10 years among the highest FTSE 100, which resulted in a weak demand for investing in the company assets (O'Regan Ghobadian, 2010). Bp has optimistic predictions for oil demand during the period 2011-2030, as a result of increase in the real income within the same period. The energy security acts as a challenging factor to Bp, as about 60% of reserves of natural gas are located in 4 countries and about 80% of oil reserves are located in 9 countries. It is highly important to secure its supply of oil and natural gas (British petroueum, 2012). Bp also faces the challenge of lowering the carbon emissions, which represent uncertainty in the economic conditions (British petroleum, 2016b). Social: This paragraph will discuss the social factor affecting Bp global operations, as the marketing strategy of Bp is highly affected by increases in the oil and gas prices. The income distribution affects people's demand for oil as the middle class can buy cars when their income rise. Social improvements increase the people's demand for oil. Technological: This paragraph will discuss the technological factor affecting Bp global operations, as the demand for clean and renewable energy is globally increasing. Large investments are required by Bp to reduce the greenhouse gas emission. Environmental: This paragraph will discuss the environmental factor affecting Bp global operations, as the climate change affects the oil industry. Bp should invest more to maintain the infrastructure and to keep away from anticipated damages in the pipelines and wells. Bp promotes for using the nuclear power as a solution for cutting the greenhouse emissions. Legal: This paragraph will discuss the legal factor affecting Bp global operations, as governmental regulations towards taxation and duties on fuel affect the oil price. Also, regulations related to enforcing citizens to use bio-fuels and road pricing are examples of laws that affect the Bp operations negatively. In conclusion, Bp faces major challenges in its global operations, the unforgivable fault of the Gulf oil spill and the changing demands and legal conversion towards the natural resources of energy are complex problems that Bp has to face the challenges through increasing its investments and doing extensive research on RD to adapt to the new industrial changing environment. Possible challenges and opportunities that face managers of Bp in Australia The intention of this paragraph is to critically discuss the challenges and opportunities that face Bp in Australia. The global energy factors are changing. As the mix of energy is changing due to advancement in technology and environmental aspects. The oil industry needs to adapt to these changes. Bp will continue to adjust its strategy to adapt to the new industry requirements. Bp argue that the global oil demand is still growing and the provision of oil is big. The global supply of liquefied natural gas has grown led by the US to 19 Bcf/d, and in the second place comes Australia with growth equal to 13 Bcf/d which creates an opportunity to Bp in Australia. The Australian liquefied natural gas is mainly produced to be exported to Asian markets (British petroleum, 2017). Bp seeks excellence in its operations and processes, accordingly it intends to make joint venture in Australia in order to increase its competitiveness and assist in the growth of the Australian production of oil (British petroleum, 2015). Bp has many successful operations in Australia including, Bp marine, Air and shipping. Bp Air is concerned with private and corporate aviation, besides of the defense force of Australia. Bp marine supplies marine fuel on the Australian coasts. Bp shipping transports the oil around the coastline of Australia. BP pays taxes to the Australian government represented in income taxes, employment taxes and stamps. Another challenge is represented in facing the changing behavior of Australian consumers. The consumer behavior has changed to seeking more value of their money (Petroeum, 2016b). Culture change This paragraph discusses the cultural effect of Bp on the consumer behavior, as Bp has created a new system in order to affect the consumer culture of fuel services, Bp has introduced the smartphone payment technology to the Australian retail sector. The BPMe app provides services to the customer, including paying for their fuel, locating their closest BP service and storing their receipts electronically (British Petroleum, 2016c). This initiative was highly appreciated by customers who changes their behavior and used the BPMe app to facilitate the process of getting their needs of fuel. Conclusion This essay has critically analyzed the international challenges and opportunities that face managers in global environments. One of the challenges for organizations which operate globally, is the readiness of managers to take global strategic decisions that match the international diversity and complex business environment. Despite of the importance of leadership in global operations, cross-cultural competencies and diversity management are not completely analyzes ass there is no agreement among researchers about the factors shaping cross-cultural competencies. Bp faces major challenges in its global operations, according to the PESTLE analysis. Bp has to face the challenges through increasing its investments. Bp seeks excellence in its operations and processes, that why it has meant to make joint venture in Australia in order to increase its competitiveness. Also, it diversifies its operations in Australia as it operates in aviation, shipping and marine. Taxation is considered a challenge to the Bp operation in Australia, as it pays different kinds of direct and indirect taxes. Also changing the consumer behavior through the BPMe app is considered a kind of culture sharing with the Australian customer. References Aarseth, W., Rolstads, A., Andersen, B. (2013). Managing organizational challenges in global projects. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 7(1), 103-132. British petroleum. (2015). Strategic report. British petroleum. (2016a). Annual report. British petroleum. (2016b). Annual report. British Petroleum. (2016c). Bp revolutionises how Australians purchace fuel with its new mobile payment technology. British petroleum. (2017). BP Energy Outlook. British petroueum. (2012). BP in Australia: Sustainability report. Brunton, M. (2015). Chapter 8 Communicating Sustainability, but Producing Pollution: The Case of the BP Oil Spill. In Business and Sustainability: (pp. 169-191). Bcker, j., Poutsma, E. (2010). Global management competencies: a theoretical foundation. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(8), 829-844. Cerimagic, S. and Smith, J. (2011). Screening and selecting project managers for the Middle East, Institute of Sustainable Development and Architecture. Harrell, L. (2016). British Petroleum (BP): A critical analysis of its corporate and international strategies. International Strategies, 6(3), 143-161. Lin?Hi, N., Blumberg, L. (2011). The relationship between corporate governance, global governance, and sustainable profits: lessons learned from BP. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 11(5), 571-584. O'Regan, N., Ghobadian, A. (2010). Revitalising an oil giant: An interview with Dr Tony Hayward, Chief Executive of BP. Journal of Strategy and Management, 3(2), 174-183. Petroeum, B. (2016b). BPs contribution to Australia. Prager, H., Such,, B. (2010). Building a global management pipeline. Industrial and Commercial Training, 42(3), 160-163. Sealy, I., Wehrmeyer, Y., France, C., Leach, M. (2010). Sustainable development management systems in global business organizations. Management Research Review, 33(11), 1083-1096. Virakul, B. (2015). Global challenges, sustainable development, and their implications for organizational performance. European Business Review, 27(4), 430-446. Woollard, S. (2010). Managing talent across a global workforce. Strategic HR Review, 9(5), 5-10.